Why Are Emirates Airlines Considered as Successful Airlines Free Essay Example, 3500 words

Management is the mental and physical effort to coordinate diverse activities to achieve desired results and the process includes planning, organization, staffing, directing, and controlling (Carl Welte cited in Handbook for Excellence, n. To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to control (Fayol cited by Management Study Guide, 2012). However, the most widely accepted functions of management given by KOONTZ and O DONNEL including Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. To achieve the desired organizational performance organizations attempt to coordinate all the different management functions. Emirates Airline is one such organization that has consistently been achieving success. Based on the four management functions this report presents an analysis of the business model of Emirates Airlines (Emirates), one of the fast-growing international airlines with one of the youngest fleets and with more than 400 rewards for excellence worldwide (Emir ates. Wholly owned by the Government of Dubai, Emirates has grown not through protectionism but through competition. The business environment has been turbulent as many international carriers have taken advantage of the open-sky policies of Dubai (Emirates. Business ethics is the foundation of their success; besides they care for their stakeholders including their employees, the community and the environment (Emirates, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Why Are Emirates Airlines Considered as Successful Airlines or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The concrete goals thus determined with the outcomes represent the achievement of their vision.

International Organization Global Climate Change Essay

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Name: Institution: International Organizations Global climate change is a phenomenon that has been happening through millions of years and is still happening up to date. The climate of the earth is growing warmer and warmer as years go by and indications of the climatic change are so vivid in our day to day life. Human activities such as deforestation and burning of relic fuels majorly contribute to the earth’s climatic change. Rising of the sea level and extreme weather patterns are some of the effects of global warming. A recent occurrence that resulted due to global climatic change is the Hurricane Sandy which happened towards the end of October 2012. It devastated parts of the Caribbean, Eastern Canada, Northeast of United States and Mid- Atlantic. It has been termed as the second most costly hurricane of Atlantic after Hurricane Katrina. Losses that have arisen due to Hurricane Sandy have been estimated to be about 50 billion US dollars. In the seven countries that fell in the path of the storm, it was found out that at least 209 people were killed. As a result of such occurrences, the regional and global, international organizations, which are involved in both the political and economic aspects of life, should be able to arrange a global response that is effective (Weiss, Forsythe, Coate, Pease, 2009, p. 19).So far, very little has been done as these effects of global climatic change are so rampant and occur frequentlyShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Global Climate Change957 Words   |  4 Pages If the issue of global climate change is not addressed properly, it will create enormous economic challenges that will create huge price tags on the global economy; that is why we need to give much attention by proposing international policy because it will bolster cooperation between countries and international organizations by formulating policies for the general good of society. Climate change plays a key role in our day to day activities. The changes in climate will affect our movement, healthRead M oreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1531 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last twenty years, the issues surrounding global climate change have become increasingly dominant in the international community, as the implications associated with the global issue pose many threats to the environment and humanity as a whole. Beginning in the 1970’s, scientific research regarding pollution led scientists to discover that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) where destroying the ozone layer, posing threats to plant and animal life, and humans as a rise in skin cancer followed. LuckilyRead MoreGlobal Climate Change, Sustainable Development1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO’s) addressing international issues, mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and international levels, which provoke m ovements for environmental protection at the international level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of environmental harm and the movement for internationalRead MoreHow Does the United Nations Support Environmental Sustainability?865 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction About the United Nations The United Nations is an international organization, which was founded in 1945 after the Second World War, committed to providing the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting human beings all over the world (Wikipedia). The organization is committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rightsRead MoreIn Part 4 Of The Quest, Daniel Yergin Does A Nice Job Of1720 Words   |  7 Pagesjob of laying out the chronological development of the climate change movement. This of course starts first with the science of being able to understand the climate and take the measurements necessary to observe changes happening in the natural world. It was interesting to learn the important role glaciers played in the early development of studying the climate and that for a time, aside from a few outliers even today, the concern about c limate rested with the return of an ice age. Fortunately, theRead More The Greenhouse Gas Protocol1577 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly from industrial production, to combat global climate change is one of the biggest sustainable development challenge for the international community. Countries are adopting Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), low carbon development strategies and climate change policies to tackle issues of climate change and at the same time meet their development goals. At the global level, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol, have paved ways forRead MoreFederal / National Efforts : Under Congress1225 Words   |  5 PagesMcCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act failed to operate. The McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act was a combination of three different acts that require corporations to be part of cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gases. It was initiated by United States Senate John McCain an d Joseph Lieberman first in 2003. However, all three acts did not pass the senate. (National Wildlife Federation) In order to examine and combat global warming, Senator Bernie Sanders and Barbara Boxer introduced the Global WarmingRead MoreStrategic Interagency Board On International Climate Investment972 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent organizations, such as the G8 Summit on Climate and Energy, the Energy Information Administration, and the National Intelligence Council, who all conclude that global emissions will peak by 2025 due to increased environmental demands by a growing world population. This consensus helped frame the intent for S.2835 while also establishing the second element: the Strategic Interagency Board on International Climate Investment. The â€Å"Board†, will serve to monitor government in reducing climate changeRead MoreState Centricity Is Vital On The Understanding Of Neo Realist Thought Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision-making processes are made by the state rather than international actors. Consequently, the state-centric approach deals predominately with the state being of utmost importance in relation to other global matters. However this approach fails to appropriately deal with the global problem that is climate change. Thus climate challenges this notion of state-centricity within the realist discourse. Combatting climate change requires international commitment and participation. However in the modern dayRead MoreGlobal Climate Change, Sustainable Development1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO’s) addressing international issues, mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and international levels, which provoke movements for environmental protection at the international level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of environmental harm and the movement for international

Teaching Speaking Free Essays

string(108) " is so different from teaching speech is that two types of discourse differ in their basic characteristics\." MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT Speaking and Writing. Common and Distinctive features in Teaching PRESENTED BY Suzan Al-Jholani a fifth year student of the English Department SUPERVISED BY Sanotska L. G. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Speaking or any similar topic only for you Order Now associate professor of the English Department LVIV 2012 Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 I. Common features in teaching speaking and writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. Distinctive features in teaching speaking and writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Communication between humans is an extremely complex and ever-changing phenomenon. But there are certain generalizations that can be made about the majority of communicative events and these will have a particular relevance for the learning and teaching of languages. There are countless reasons for communication between individuals: they want to say something, they have some communicative purpose, they want to get some information, etc. It is important to realize that these generalizations do not only apply to spoken word: they characterize written communication as well. Speaking and writing are called productive skills because they involve language production, as opposed to listening and reading, which are receptive skills [1, 46-47]. Common features in teaching speaking and writing The productive skills of writing and speaking have more distinctive than common features. However, there are number of language production processes which have to be gone through whichever medium we are working in. In order for communication to be successful we have to structure our discourse in such a way that it will be understood by our listeners and readers. In speech this often involves following of conversational patterns and the use of lexical phrases. For the part of writing it has to be both coherent and cohesive. Coherent writing makes sense because you can follow the sequence of ideas and points. Cohesion is more technical matter since it is here that we concentrate on the various linguistic ways of connecting ideas across phrases and sentences [2, 246]. Both teaching writing and speaking involves following the rules of communication. There are three areas of rules that should be considered: * Sociocultural rules: speakers from similar social backgrounds know how to speak to each other in terms of how formal to be, what kind of language they can use, how loud to speak, or how close to stand to each other. * Turn-taking: in any conversation decisions have to be taken about when each person should speak. * Rules for writing: writing has rules too, which need to be recognized and either be followed or purposively flouted. We have to take into the account the genre and the style of writing [2, 246]. One of the reasons that people can operate within sociocultural rules is because they know about different styles, and recognize different written and spoken genres. This depends on the aim of communication, on the recipient and setting. In order to speak and write at different levels of intimacy students need practice in different genres and different styles so that their level increases they can vary the grammar, functions ,and lexis that they can use . It is vital, therefore, that if the coursebook does not offer a satisfactory range of such genre-based activities teachers should supply it themselves [2,247]. Teachers have to teach how to interact with the audience. Part of our speaking proficiency depends upon our ability to speak differentially, depending upon our audience, and upon the way we absorb their reaction and respond to it in some way or other. Part of our writing ability depends upon our ability to change our style and structure to suit the person or people we are writing for [2, 248]. When speakers or writers of their own or of a foreign language do not know a word or just cannot remember it, they may employ some or all of the following strategies to resolve the difficulty they are encountering: * Improvising: speakers sometimes try any word or phrase that they can come up with in the hope that it is about right. * Discarding: when speakers simply cannot find words for what they want to say, they may discard the thought that they cannot put into words. Foreignising: when operating in a foreign language, speakers (and writers) sometimes choose a word in a language they know well (such as their first language) and ‘foreignise’ it in the hope that it will be equivalent to the meaning they wish to express in the foreign language. * Paraphrasing: speakers sometimes paraphrase. Such lexical substitution or circumlocution gets many speakers out of trouble, though it can make communication longer and more convoluted [2, 249]. To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills teachers have to follow certain principles. In the first place, they need to match the tasks they ask students to perform with their language level. This means ensuring that they have the minimum language they would need to perform such a task. Secondly, teachers need to ensure that there is a purpose to the task and that students are aware of this. They should also remember that students who are not used to speaking or writing spontaneously need to be helped to cultivate such habits. Teachers should not expect instant fluency and creativity; instead they should build up students’ confidence step by step giving them restricted tasks first before prompting them to be more and more spontaneous later. Finally, teachers need to assess the problems caused by the language they need, and the difficulties which the topic or the genre might create [2,251-253]. To make students inspired teacher has to choose interesting topic and create interest in it. It is also important to vary the topics they offer them so that they cater for the variety of interests within the class. It is also vitally important to vary the genres teachers ask their students to work with if we want them to gain confidence in writing and speaking in different situations. Distinctive features in speaking and writing teaching One of the reasons that teaching writing is so different from teaching speech is that two types of discourse differ in their basic characteristics. You read "Teaching Speaking" in category "Papers" Differences between them imply different types of exercises which focus on different aspects of language and demand different levels of correctness [1,52]. Writing requires a greater degree of accuracy, and is in many ways the more difficult skill to learn. For a start, the written form is visible and mistakes are seen. With speaking, students often make ‘slips of the tongue’-they have said something wrong, but if they could hear a recording of what they said, they could correct the mistake themselves. Written task on the one hand often require accuracy and formal language. Because they recognize this, many students feel under pressure when writing. However, with writing students can proof-read and self-correct. They can go more slowly and carefully than when they are speaking. It is an important skill teachers must teach students-read what they have written [4,182]. Punctuation is another factor absent from speaking. Increasingly these days, one might question the importance of correct punctuation, but whereas one can accept that the correct use of colons or semi-colons is not really so important, surely the correct use of capitalization and question marks, for example, does matter [4, 182]. Spelling may also cause problems, something which mother-tongue speakers have difficulty with. Again, people differ in their views of the importance of correct spelling, but the fact remains that, teachers have to recognize what is ‘correct’ writing, and what is ‘incorrect’. If they cannot recognize a mistake, then they cannot correct it [4, 182]. With Writing, students do not have to concern themselves with aspects of pronunciation, or being fluent. Those students who are much more interested in accuracy than fluency, arc often very good when writing. It is very common to find students who have had accuracy-based language learning, writing extremely well and accurately, but that is difficult for them to express themselves orally [1, 53]. Writing tends to be more economical in its use of the language. There are no ‘hesitators’ (‘mmm’, ‘er’, ‘well’, etc. ) that litter our conversation. Written language is direct and efficient. The writer suffers from the disadvantage of not getting immediate feedback from the reader – and sometimes getting no feedback at all. In writing students can not use intonation or stress, and facial expression, gesture and body movement. These disadvantages have to be compensated for the greater clarity and by the use of grammatical and stylistic techniques for focusing attention on main points, etc. Most importantly there is greater need for logical organization in piece of writing than there is in a conversation, for the reader has to understand what has been written without asking for clarification or relying on the writer’s tone of voice or expression [1,53]. When teaching writing, therefore, there are special considerations to be taken into account which include the organizing of sentences into paragraphs, how paragraphs are joined together, and the general organization of ideas into a coherent piece of discourse [1,54]. Creative writing practice is a critical part of learning a written language. Writing can be encouraged through poetry, stories, plays and dialogues, but it important that students be engaged and interested in the writing projects. Pen pal letters between students can help to capture the interests of a class as they learn written communication with their peers utilizing the new language. The objective of such a project would be for students to learn how to use appropriate language and produce suitable letters that can be sent as a correspondence, but can also be used as effective evaluation and grading tools. Speaking a language involves using the  components correctly – making the right sounds, choosing the  right words and getting constructions grammatically correct. Pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary tasks  will focus on the need  for practice in language accuracy. At the same time, we also need to  get a clear message across and this  involves choosing appropriate content or ideas to suit a situation, e. g. deciding what is polite or what might appear rude, how to interrupt or how to participate in a conversation. All this involves practice in language fluency. Speaking requires thinking on the spot, practice and exposure to the language over time. Speakers have a great range of expressive possibilities at their command. Apart from the actual words they use they can vary their intonation and stress which helps them to show which part of what they are saying is most important. By varying pitch and intonation their voice can clearly convey their attitude to what they are saying. They can indicate interest or lack of it. At any point in speech event speakers can rephrase what they are saying; they can speed up or slow down. This will often be done in response to the feedback they are getting from their listeners who will show through variety of gestures , expressions and interruptions that they do not understand. And in a face to face interaction the speaker can use a whole range of facial expressions, gestures and general body to help to convey the message. Developing speaking skills in the classroom can include a wide variety of activities. Controlled lessons that include drilling and pre-planned, question and answer prompts can help students develop skills under the teacher’s watchful eye. Guided activities such as dialogues and role-play scenarios, while based on accuracy, do allow for more creativity and individual exploration with the language. Exact language may not be as controlled in such activities and students have a chance to practice their language with a bit more freedom. Students improve their formal speech when teachers provide insights on how to organize their ideas for presentation. Students can give better speeches when they can organize their presentation in a variety of different ways, including sequentially, chronologically and thematically. They need practice in organizing their speech around problems and solutions, causes and results, and similarities and differences. After deciding about the best means of organization, they can practice speeches with another student or with the whole class. Teachers can also help students adapt their speeches and informal talks so as to correspond to the intended audience, the information to be communicated, and the circumstances of the occasion at which they will speak. The teachers can illustrate how well-known speakers have adapted their presentations in ways to suit these different circumstances Students may enjoy speaking about their personal experiences. When given this opportunity, they can benefit from instruction in the elements of good story-telling. Both teachers and students can provide suggestions for students’ speeches. In constructively criticizing others, learners can learn to apply criteria for good speech and employ tactful social skills. In doing so, they can increase and improve their own speaking skills. Students can also learn speaking and social skills by suggesting possible improvements to one another’s practice speeches. Positive experiences in speaking can lead to greater skills and confidence in speaking in front of larger groups. These activities help students to become familiar and comfortable with the new language. Creative communication involves more fluency-based activities that can really enable students to utilize their creative thinking and language skills. Activities of this type might include discussions, simulations and communication games, but they may also include real- life experiences such as a field trip to a restaurant or a guest visitor in the classroom, providing opportunities for students to use the new language in a less controlled setting. Careful planning and preparation are a necessity for this kind of learning experience, and such lessons must be followed-up with some form of assessment or evaluation tool to determine the effectiveness of the experience, but the benefits to the student can be significant. Not only are students making connections between the language they are learning in the classroom and the language used in the real world, they are practicing their skills and developing their own methods for utilizing and retaining the new language. In comparison to speaking skills, the development of writing skills involves many of the same difficulties and some additional challenges, including differences in grammar and vocabulary use, spelling, structure, punctuation and others. A variety of games in the classroom and as pair, small-group or homework activities, can be utilized to provide controlled practice and experience with writing. Crosswords, word finds, gap fills and story boards are but a few of the games and activities that can be adapted for teaching writing skills including vocabulary, spelling, grammar and pronunciation. Developing useful and effective language skills requires practice and experience, from controlled lessons to authentic, real-life experiences. The basic building blocks of a language are critical to the learning process but practical experience, creative exploration, and opportunities to practice in less controlled activities can help to bind the various parts of language acquisition into a solid understanding of the new language and how it can be used. Whether speaking or writing, students need to be able to activate the knowledge they have learned in the classroom in order to communicate successfully in their new language. Conclusions Being productive skills, speaking and writing involve language production. They have both common and distinctive features in teaching; although distinctive have majority in number. For communication to be successful (either oral or written one) students have to know how to structure the discourse, to be aware of rules of communication, different styles and genres, have knowledge about how to interact with audience. In productive skills teaching strategies to resolve the difficulties that students can encounter are the same. To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills we teachers have to follow certain principles: match the tasks with students’ language level, built student confidence step by step, choose interesting topic and create interest in it. Taking into account the fact that speaking skills require fluency and frequency, and writing skills demand accuracy – different teaching strategies and activities have to be used. References 1. Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. – London and New Jork: Longman, 1991. – 296 p. 2. Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. Third Eddition. -Londin: Longman,2001. – 371 p. 3. Lavery, C. Language Assistant. http://www. scribd. com/doc/14112081/Whole-Manual 4. Riddell, D. Teach English as a foreign language. -London: Hodder Edducation , 2010. -366 p. 5. Sariel, O. Teaching productive skills – fine tuning speaking and writing skills. http://ru. scribd. com/doc/58656496/Teaching-Productive-Skills 6. Wallace T. , Stariba W. , Walberg H. Teaching, speaking, listening and writing. http://www. ibe. unesco. org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/EducationalPracticesSeriesPdf/PRATICE_14. pdf How to cite Teaching Speaking, Papers

Account and Finance for Business Ethics Quarterly- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccount and Finance for Business Ethics Quarterly. Answer: The concept maximization of shareholders income tries to think about on building up the general valuation of the association and does not contemplate on the profit of the favourable circumstances that are in short-term view. The real point of raising the profits of the investors has been that it results to exact task of the assets of the riches and enhancing the return from the investment (Sharfman, 2014). Then again, it is seen that the impression of maximization of profit is actually a technique that is in short-term view and does not lead to an expansion in the valuation of the association. The judgment is connected with enhancing the income of the investors and upgrades the valuation of the entity. The thought of enhancing the income of the investors came into the thought after the concept of profit maximization appeared. The confinements of earning improvement demonstrate have been discouraged by the staffs in the model of profit maximization. The value of the investors would improve with the expansion in share price that is looked upon as the total assets of organizational capacity (Jones Felps, 2013). This has been feasible for the most part as it would produce a higher payment of dividend to the investors that would be comprehensive of the pay-offs that are in nature that are of long-run for the clients. Further, the detailed approach for the cash flow statement with regard to the investment is required to be paid by the management of the company. Strategies of increasing the shareholders wealth is the managements approach to allocate the resources effectively, which in turn will maximize the earning as well as will minimize the risk level. The earning investment that is started by the organizations requires being competent to earn more revenue as compared to return rate. The investment determination of investors involves the assets that are free of risk and gives a measure of fixed return. The risk hesitant investors are viewed as the general population who in circumstances when two portfolio options are given to them are likely to take interest in the portfolio that has a lower degree of risk. It is even observed that the financial specialists lose the opportunity to acquire the higher returns by not making utilization of the speculations on the assets that are value based and that has the ability to give higher rate of profits to the speculators (Levy, 2015). This sort of financial specialists searches for putting resources into regions like the treasury bills, fixed deposits, deposit certificate and government bonds that build up a lower level of earning. It is fundamental for the companys management to exploit the suitable assignment of the assets that are risky and the assets those are risk-free. On the contrary, it can be clarified that the investments in the risk associated assets expose the company to threats and thus the management needs to invest under this type of assets as it will reduce the risk level of the investment. The foundation of unstable relationship and the expanding level of income is troublesome for the financial specialists. Forming the unstable relationship would harvest the benefits that are in long-term aspect to the investors who are planning for investing in these assets. The forecasted returns for the financial specialists are bringing down for the speculators who have the point of going out for additional risk for the investment (Malatji, Zhang Xia, 2013). There is a subsistence of exchange offs inside the risks and the profit that is set up with the assistance of the investments. It is identified that considerable benefit are the noteworthy advantages of making utilization of the interests in the capitals resources of the market. Reference Jones, T. M., Felps, W. (2013). Shareholder wealth maximization and social welfare: A utilitarian critique.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(2), 207-238. Levy, H. (2015).Stochastic dominance: Investment decision making under uncertainty. Springer. Malatji, E. M., Zhang, J., Xia, X. (2013). A multiple objective optimisation model for building energy efficiency investment decision.Energy and Buildings,61, 81-87. Sharfman, B. S. (2014). Shareholder wealth maximization and its implementation under corporate law.Fla. L. Rev.,66, 389.

Africa in an African Perspective

Africa in an African Perspective Ways in which Africa and Africans are represented by Africans Description of Africa in an African perspective can be as problematic in the same manner western representations are about Africa. The continent has been marred by political issues ranging from democracy, national elections, economic status and cultural practices from different corners of the continent. In Africa, political issues affect beyond political environment, economic and social aspects are also affected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Africa in an African Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been an increased case of corruption, which signifies a lack of accountability and ethical leadership within most African countries. Rising cases of political instability have led to problems such as widespread violence, change of leadership and embezzlement of aid funds. The problems of sub-Saharan Africa are further deepened by genocidal c onflicts, diseases, poverty and economic stagnation (Mengara, 2001). The film Motherland, which is African-owned cinema, represents the glory and majesty of Africa and at the same time calls for unity, self-determination and the rebirth of Africa. According to the film, Africans became black within the period they were being enslaved. Slavery was designed to disconnect the African from having any positive notion of their Motherland.  Languages used in describing parts of Africa like ‘sub-Saharan Africa’ are used with the intention of dividing and conquering the continent. According to the film, such terms have been used to confine Africans to corridors of make-believe locations without any political affiliations (African Union), ethnicity (Tuareg), and economic status (COMESA) and with historical and physical boundaries, by use of names such as Sudan and Mali. The same aspect is revealed through post-colonialism perspective in the Yeelen film (Mengara, 2001). African development presents an important factor in the many discussions about Africa and Africans. The rate of development within the continent has contributed to its positioning within the global politics. Such developments focus on technology, economic status, infrastructure, disease prevalence and socio-economic inequalities. Analysis of the conflicts in Africa or the reality behind political processes has become difficult since numerous factors are considered in the process of investigating causes of such conflicts. Based on African Renaissance movement, comprised of intellectual agencies, the real definition of Africa should be based on African creativity and knowledge on cultures.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes African identity a contested concept since there are multiple identities from various perspectives. There has been rising difficulty in conceptualiz ing the real identity since the discussions are based on factors such as; defining African identity in relation to the rest of the world, definition in relation to each other with many considerations on migration and xenophobia. How do these representations differ from those in the first section of the course? There is a raw synergy of films and history on the description of Africa as a continent and Africans. The first representation focused so much on the negative aspects of Africans, portraying them as the most violent race in the world. This is purely from a Racists perspective. The elaborate representation of black freedom and power struggles across political spectrum left everything on self-focused consumerism. The black-focused films from the white-man perspective are marred with violence while African focus on black films presents the rich history of the continent from cultural to economic aspects. The perspective from the second argument disputed the fact that post-colonial ism is all about the relationship between Africa and their former colonialists. Hence, the focus is on developing links based on unity and authentic African identity. Most of the representations by Africans within African films are based on post-colonialism which basically explores the connections between African cultures and their history of colonial exploitation. The oppressions from the colonial masters resulted into rebellion as portrayed by African-produced films. The overall analysis within these films seeks to explore the root of cultural and political forces affecting the continent amidst domination by western culture. Yeelen focuses on the rich African aspect based on modernity which provides great challenge on the former western perspective about Africa. All post-colonial descriptions on Africa reveal the unequal and uneven representations of the cultural forces within the political and social sectors. Hence the overall facts given in the description of Africa and Africans based on post-colonial perspective can be considered strategic and true representation of contemporary African culture. In the previous review, Africa is considered passive participant in overall world development. The continent is portrayed as the object of Western actions through colonialism while in the second perspective, in Yeelen, Xala and Touki-Bouki films, Africa is considered an active participant in contributing towards their own history (Murphy, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Africa in an African Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the whole concept on wars in films can be traced back to the fact that western citizens, especially American citizens, had full obligation of arming themselves for the purposes of protecting families and their nation from foreign encroachments as well as domestic tyrants. This is contrary to forms of military organization where professionally trained soldiers and officers are established and isolated from the society for the purposes of protecting entire nation. The whole perspective was injected into the African culture during colonialism. However, the idea of allowing citizen-soldier establishment enabled direct involvement of the people’s will power in the preservation of liberties and rights within the society like in the case of Mau Mau. Impact of these representations on personal view of Africa and Africans From the perspective of the films, descriptions on Africa differ based on the region from which the description is made. Western perspective portrays Africa as a continent marred with inadequacies and violence. Africans represent race confronted with daunting ironies which can be traced back from unsettled paradigm shifts. Even after decolonization, the now independent Africa still wallow in poor economic performance. However, there is profound dignity and richness within the African continent. This can be realiz ed from the continent’s rich natural resource base. Statistics reveal that Africa alone produces 46% of world’s chromium, 48% diamonds and 29% gold. The continent is portrayed as one with elaborate problems ranging from poor infrastructure, instability within governments, diseases and corruption. Africans are also portrayed as those over-relying on resources, since they focus on simple sale of natural resources instead of providing value-added services. This has made most of the countries within the continent to largely depend on aid from foreign countries. They are portrayed as those with inability to create and restructure conditions for the benefit of the natives. Most of the films associate Africans with ghetto streets depicting where they focus their real lives (Murphy, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Africans have their rich practices such as circumcision which existed even before colonialism. However, the rich ethnic diversities the continent enjoys presents lots of threat since each ethnic background and country seems to hostile towards each other based on focus towards leadership and resource ownership. There is lack of brotherhood amongst Africans owing to conflicts based on selfish ambitions towards wealth. This has made it difficult the forging of a United States of Africa (Murphy, 2000). References Mengara, D. (2001). Introduction: White Eyes, Dark Reflections in Images of Africa:  Stereotypes and Realities. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. Murphy, D. (2000). African Filming Africa: questioning Theories of an Authentic African Cinema. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 13 (2), 239-249.

Online Car Rental System Tourism Essay Example

Online Car Rental System Tourism Essay Example Online Car Rental System Tourism Essay Online Car Rental System Tourism Essay Peoples travel from one topographic point to another for many grounds, some due to their occupations or concern and few for vacations and holidaies. As a traveler they can non have a auto in every topographic point or state they go, they ever prefer other options like public conveyances, cabs, coachs, trains and rent autos or motorcycles. Geting a auto on rent has become really celebrated due to the cost as it is much cheaper than utilizing cabs for a whole twenty-four hours and because it is much more secure and convenient. Keeping this in the head Researcher has decided to develop an online auto lease system, by utilizing on-line auto lease system a traveler can book the auto. As the name of the system suggest, this system will be an on-line auto lease system. This system will non merely assist the travelers to choose the auto of their chose but they can besides compare the different theoretical accounts of auto available and different type. They can compare monetary values, theoretical accounts and trade names. They can choose if they want that the auto should be delivered to their door measure with extra charges or they will pick up the auto from the nearest shop. They can choose the auto harmonizing to their demand and budget. Problem statement and Literature reappraisal aˆ? Expensive rent for travelers As stated by Flowers, J and Levere, J. ( 2008 ) due to lift in drivers fees and revenue enhancements such as province and local surcharges applied on airdromes, the rent of the autos can increase at an norm of 25 per cent. Due to lift in Tax, the travelers have to pay up to 25 % of revenue enhancement when the engagement or leasing a auto from the airdromes. Even if the traveler pays the higher monetary value they have to travel with the autos which are available at that point of clip in the auto rental office. It can be expensive autos or even luxury autos which are non in budged of every individual. To get the better of this job the Online Car Rental System will assist the traveler to book the auto even before they have arrived. So that they do non hold to pay excess airdrome charges and acquire any auto which is in their budget and which suits them and their demands. aˆ? Returning the auto remotely Harmonizing to Yang, Y. , ( 2008 ) , trouble is in uncertainness of length clip of the individual who have taken the auto on rent and which referred location he wants to return the auto. Sometimes a individual takes a auto on rent, but it is non certain when will the individual return the auto and will the individual be able to come to the same location to return the auto or non, in this state of affairs that individual have to pay more if he delay to return the auto on clip. This online auto rental system will supply an online service where the individual can increase the clip bounds and predefined the location individual will be dropping the auto or he want the auto to be taken from. aˆ? Can non reserve specific auto theoretical account Harmonizing to Korstanje, M. E. , ( 2011 ) , Due to restriction in operations creates job for tenant to reserve specific theoretical account. Reservations are non given on the footing of theoretical account but group. Due to operation restriction in the country like airdromes, this job causes issue like in which the tenants are non able to acquire what they really want and they have to travel for the auto which is available in the shop even if it is non what they are willing to hold. This online system will assist traveller to make online engagement in which he can choose which auto he prefer with the installation of comparing with other auto on the footing of type and monetary value so that he can makes best determination. aˆ? No clip for client s feedback As said by Meyer, C. , and Schwager, A. , ( 2007 ) , Due to many minutess by single clients which are monitored by the company they does non acquire clip to take feedback from them sing the service provided. When a client comes to an office for leasing a auto, due to holding many clients the staff member of the company does non acquire opportunity to inquire clients sing their services because of which their jobs are non rectified. To rectify these issues the online auto rental system will hold an on-line feedback service after each client have done with their dealing at the clip of logout. The system will inquire for a feedback from the client. aˆ? Time cachexia As said by Ahlstrom, C. , Kircher, K. , et al. , ( 2012 ) , Due to a individual error of the airdrome rental service it take hours to acquire autos on rent. When there is a job in the airdrome rental service it can take hours to acquire the auto on rent which is really blowing the clip of the tenant. In on-line auto lease system the reserve will be done before traveler arrived at the airdrome so that when the traveler arrives at the airdrome the auto will be ready to be taken. aˆ? Change auto on each path As said by Asconavieta, P.H.S. ( 2011 ) auto rental companies normally work on the regional footing because of which traveler have to alter auto on every path. Due to shortage of country coverage as the auto taken for the company should return to the same location makes the traveler to maintain altering the auto even if they go from one province to another. They have to come back to the same location. So when they go to different province they have to alter their auto. To rectify this job the online auto rental system will hold an option of choosing the country the clients want to return the auto. So In the state like Emirates or Maldives where the country is short, the auto can be taken from one province to another province without any jobs. aˆ? Improper programming for proper auto use As stated by Minodora, 2009, improper programming in auto lease companies causes the company unable to use their auto and even increase work clip for tenant to acquire auto. Due to improper programming in the auto lease companies the auto pass more clip in the company s auto batch or clients have to wait until the auto is non returned. Using on-line auto lease system the programming will be done online by the client itself as the auto which they select they have to set the clip they will return. If in instance they fail to return or inform the pickup point excess charges will be charged to them. aˆ? Return auto on the same bureau location Harmonizing to Goldbarg, M. , Asconavieta, P. and Goldbarg, E. , ( 2012 ) , auto rented from a company can merely be returned to the bureau of the same company. If a tenant take a auto from a company he or she have to return it to the same bureau of the same company but if the individual is new in the part it will non be possible for him to make that it will be blowing of clip in seeking for the bureau. In the online auto lease system the tenant can choose whether he wants to retune the auto or he wants the auto to be taken from where he is, it can be hotel, airdrome, promenade or any other location he can predefined the location online and the auto will be picked up from him. aˆ? Insufficient gross Lin-in, H. , and Tao, Q. ( 2011 ) described that auto leasing companies in certain countries unable to acquire sufficient gross for growing. This issue is due to concentrating on a limited part because the rate of sale additions based on the country of the company it is located in if the company is limited to its country merely. In on-line auto lease system there will be no boundaries, the company can concentrate on any location and acquire gross from any portion of the country or even state if the state is non in a bigger size like Emirates or Maldives. aˆ? Rejection due to short clip frame Harmonizing to Guerriero, F. , Olivito, F. ( 2011 ) in order to increase the gross, company with limited auto does non lease the auto for a twenty-four hours or few hours. Because of limited country of work company does non give their autos for short period of clip to increase their gross which make it hard for the traveler to seek auto leasing company after he hold reached to the unknown state or location. As the online auto lease system allows traveler to book the autos online. A individual does non truly hold to travel through all this type of issues as a individual will be acquiring the auto every bit shortly as he or she arrives. Research Aims A ; Aims 4.1 Purposes To make an online system, that will let travelers to easy lease a auto. It will besides let user to choose the auto harmonizing to their demand and compare it with other options of autos. Make it easy for a traveller to return the auto on distant locations. Solving the manual programming job as every dealing will be done online. 4.2 Aims Is to make a dependable web base online system on which user can entree utilizing cyberspace from anyplace. To utilize package tools in execution, this will assist in implementing characteristics for easy entree. Allow system users to take part in the early phases of development so the result will be user oriented. Research Questions There are two classs in which the research worker has classified the inquiries. 5.1 Domain research Questions How the system will assist in auto programming? How the system will impact the operation of the leasing company? How the proposed system is different from bing systems? How to incorporate on-line payments by recognition cards? 5.2 Technical research inquiry Which scripting linguistic communication can be used for the proposed system? Which data base system can be used for the proposed system? How the different characteristic can be implemented into the system? Which web authoring package can suits best of the system? Research Design 6.1 Domain Research The research in sphere research will be conducted from literature beginning like diary, eBooks, white documents and library books. Furthermore research will be done by utilizing on-line resources such as IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar and my Athinais. 6.2 Technical research Chiefly Web resources such as eBooks and diary will be used in carry oning proficient research. Research Plan Personal Contemplation 7.1 Facts happening Methods The fact happening method which the research worker will utilize is questionnaire and interview fact happen methods. Questionnaires are nonsubjective and will make excessively many respondents which will supply research worker with sufficient information for accurate analysis. On the other manus the interview method will let the research worker to acquire deep apprehension about the subject country. 7.2 Restrictions Like every system have some restriction, in order to roll up informations and questionnaire from traveler during the development will be hard and their engagement is non possible so this affair can be overcome by utilizing societal webs and other web application to take questionnaire before or in the early phases of the system development

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example But who is she hanging out with And who is lurking online in the shadows of MySpace leering at the profiles of these vulnerable tweens While some have hailed MySpace as the greatest social experiment of the century, others have called it a Sears and Roebuck catalogue for pedophiles. Are these children age 8-13 years old safe on MySpace Or are websites like MySpace potentially dangerous for the pre-teen crowd The rising popularity of MySpace has made this a timely and important question. Parents struggle to keep up with their Internet savvy kids who are always one step ahead. Security blocks and parental controls may be subverted when parents can't maintain a 24/7 vigil on their 10-year-old. Reports have begun to proliferate as predators find ways into the MySpace domain and use it as their personal hunting ground. Still, MySpace contends that it has taken steps to curtail the dangers and has committed to making it a safe meeting place for all ages. The public and parents need to be certain that the realm of online social networking is indeed safe for children. This paper will attempt to answer three main questions. First, the paper will try to determine if a 13-year-old girl can sign up on MySpace and create the profile of an 18-year-old girl. This will determine if an unsupervised 13-year-old girl is safe in this environment. Second, it will try to establish whether a 35 year old male can register and create a profile of a 15 year old girl. This will determine whether any underage girl on MySpace is out of reach of predators. Third, the paper will consider whether the amount of information contained in the typical underage profile is useful to predators. This will examine the ways in which a pedophile might exploit what appears to be innocent information. The research will be conducted by gathering information from credible experts on the topic of teenage digital networks. It will look at the statistics they present and the unique point of view that they offer. It will draw on personal experiences of those that have been members of MySpace. There will be no actual attempt made to register with MySpace under false pretenses just to prove it can be done. Rather, the paper will interview a computer security expert to gain insight into what flaws there may be in MySpace's registration and profile process. Bibliography Carlotti, Richard. Personal Interview. 21 Feb. 2007. Carlotti is a computer securities expert with a pharmaceutical chain. He has analyzed the MySpace registration process. He contends that to provide adequate security, the site would be unusable except by professionals. He said, "If it is designed to be used by teen-agers, the security needs to be geared toward them. Which means any one with a 13 year old mind can subvert the system". He further stated that there is no practical way to do age checking on the Internet and there is nothing available in the near future. He said identity verification on the Internet "could only be accomplished with expensive biometric techniques such as fingerprint readers or retina scans. These are the kinds of things the Defense Department uses, but not MySpace". Carlotti contended that the present registration method at MySpace is the honor system. It takes what you give it. He said that the limitation of contacting children under 18 merely requires a name and

Organ Transplants Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organ Transplants - Research Paper Example As such, these determinations must be based on fair and equitable criteria, including rate of success, medical need, and length of time on the waiting list. In any case, these criteria have managed to ensure the logical, as well as the unbiased distribution of organs to those who need it the most. Organ Transplants Organ transplants are one of the many innovations in healthcare which are currently gaining popular clinical application. This practice is mostly done in order to replace a failing or diseased organ in the hope of extending and/or improving a patient’s life. This paper shall discuss about organ transplants and related information pertaining to its applications. This essay is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive understanding of organ transplants and how they apply to the clinical practice. Discussion WebMd (2010) discusses that organ transplants are medical procedures carried out in order to replace a â€Å"failing organ with a healthy organ†. Organs which can be transplanted include kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, lungs, and small intestines (WebMD, 2010). Not all people can be considered for this procedure and a series of tests have to be undertaken first in order to determine a person’s viability for such procedure. ... Now, many of these transplants are considered routine procedures for hospitals (WebMD, 2010). The rate of success for these procedures are based on various factors, including the organ being transplanted, the number of organs being transplanted, and the disease which causing the organ failure (WebMD, 2010). In the US, there are about 59 organ procurement organizations which furnish deceased donor organs to the transplant centers (Nathan, Conrad, Held, Pietroski, Siminoff, and Ojo, 2003). Out of these procurement groups, 50 operate independently, and nine are hospital-based. The procurement organizations have a connected geographical area which are considered as recovery centers for organs for the various hospitals in the area (Nathan, et.al., 2003). In determining the viability of organ donation, the time, the manner, and the place of the donor’s death are usually considered (POST, 2004). More often than not, organ donors are those whose brain functions have ceased, but whose organs are still viable and are â€Å"being maintained by medical support† (POST, 2004, p. 1). With current improvements in medical care, including the prolongation of human life, the number of these donors, otherwise known as heart beating donors, has decreased (POST, 2004). Other methods of procuring organs have been considered in order to fill in the gaps of organ need and most of the alternatives have been directed towards living donations, mostly for kidneys and livers. Some of these organs have also been retrieved shortly after patient deaths following critical illness and road accidents (POST, 2004). Since 2002, based on federal rules, the designation of the procurement organizations were made

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Review - Essay Example One of the main arguments of the author is that immigrants are taking jobs away from the British people. The article showed a lot of statistics and numbers to justify the position of the author. Overall the article was well written and it demonstrated a lot of evidence that might suggest that the author’s claim is correct. For instance he stated that since 2004 over 600,000 immigrants have entered the job market and during that time 450,000 young workers became unemployed. He also stated the logical argument that a higher number of people in the country meant that the government had to spend more money on costs of new homes, education, social care, and infrastructure. He also stated another fact that the bigger the population the more congested the city becomes which is an absolute truth. Another interest argument made by the author was that the immigrants are not contributing sufficiently to the overall economy based on how many resources they were depleting. The influx of im migrants is adding 1% to the population, but is only contributing 0.33% to the overall production. Despite the arguments that were made in this article my opinion is that the author did a poor job of proving the correlation between immigration and employment. His argument were biased and to certain extent racist because he made it seem as if the people that were entering the United Kingdom in search for a better life were a type of plague to the society when in reality they are enriching the culture of the country and providing much need labor. These poor immigrants are accepting low paying jobs that the majority of British people are not willing to take. When the author stated that the population growth associated with immigrants was not equal to the production they were creating his statistical approach was flawed because the reason that these workers were not adding more to economic production is because these humans were sacrificing themselves in very low paying jobs. Another ma jor flaw in the article was that the author failed to provide solutions on what the government should do to fix the problem. Since the author thinks that immigration is a problem he should have provided alternative solutions based on empirical data such as proposing that the U.K. imposed an immigration quota to limit the amount of people that can enter the country. This is just a theoretical example of something that could be done. A better way to deal with the problem is by the government of the United Kingdom taking measures to improve the state of the economy to increase the amount of jobs available for British nationals and people immigrating into the U.K. A second way that the government can improve the economy is by forming alliances with the private industry to spur job creation by offering better economic incentives that will attract foreign investors. The article stated that according to the Office of National Statistics Eastern Europeans are willing to do the dirty, diffic ult, and dangerous jobs for lower wages. Since this group of people is willing to sacrifice themselves more than British nationals it is estimated that 95% of males and 80% of female immigrants have been able to find jobs despite the weak economy. It is important to analyze the effect that this labor force has on the corporate world. From an economic and business standpoint corporations and businesses are greatly benefiting from the influx of immigrant workers because these companies are now able to fill vacant job positions they were having

Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding Guilt?

Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding Guilt? Abigail Louise Lines   From a Psychological Perspective, Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding a Persons Guilt? The judicial system within the United Kingdom has a perverse history, with its origins in the church influencing modern systems and the human rights we have within the court today (Brooks, 2004). Before criminal trial juries were an established concept in the United Kingdom, there were three ways in which the degree of a persons innocence was established: a Wager of Law, Trial by Battle and The Ordeals (Brooks, 2004). These tests primarily consisted of physical challenges in which God was believed to be the primary authority to pass judgement and decide a persons guilt; these trials disregarded human rights, often involved physical anguish and frequently resulted in the death of the accused (Brooks, 2004). It was not until 1219 that individuals accused of a crime were allowed to appeal to a jury, however, individuals who refused to appeal through a jury were subjected to Prison Forte et Dure, where the accused were physically and emotionally tried until they consented to this appeal procedure (Berger, 2011). Due to the influence of the church and the belief that God was involved in the decision of guilt, it was rare that jury members in the appeal procedure would have to justify their decisions and have their verdicts questioned (Berger, 2011). During the early 1300s jurors verdicts began to be doubted and those who served on a jury could be challenged as unfit, incompetent or corrupt; this later led to reforms as to who would be allowed to serve on a jury and an emphasis on mandatory guidelines to follow (Smith Wales, 2000). Modern criminal trials consist of 12-16 individuals selected at random from the electoral register to represent their peers; they discuss the factors influencing the case at hand to ultimately determine the level of guilt of the involved and to deliver an appropriate verdict (Smith Wales, 1999). Juror capabilities have been questioned in recent years due to a rising number of [G1]criticisms of competency, variances between the judges and jurys verdict, and the role of inadmissible evidence which is believed to influence jurors decisions (Smith Wales, 1999; Hans, 2008). To understand and assess whether juries are appropriate for deciding an individuals guilt, the current essay will explore psychological evidence and criticisms of the jury. It will critically evaluate factors involved in juror decision making and competency, recognising the role of current systems in place and how these systems may influence the reliability of jurors. Furthermore, it will investigate alternatives to juries, systems used in countries outside of the UK and improvements to be made to the modern jury.[G2][G3][G4][G5][G6] Juror decision making models have been a point of interest for those critiquing the jury system; several empirical studies have created and reviewed models of juror decision making to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of having a jury (Pennington Hastie, 1981). Cognitive models of juror decision making are the more commonly accepted approaches, specifically that of the Story Model (Pennington Hastie, 1992). The Story Model assumes that jurors construct stories when deciding on a verdict; they will piece together known elements of the case, learn the appropriate verdicts for the individual and then make a decision based on the goodness of fit principle (Pennington Hastie, 1992). Although this structure recognises that individuals will use schemas to interpret the case at hand, it relies on this aspect heavily when individuals create the stories (Pennington Hastie, 1992). Due to the level of variance in individuals schemas, this may be a critique of using jurors in civil and cr iminal trials due to the differences in how they interpret events within the case; it makes it increasingly difficult to come to a unanimous decision, especially in complex cases wherein there are multiple aggravating and mitigating factors involved (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). The Story Model also takes into account the jurors previous knowledge of the legal system when applying their story to the verdict; this again uses real world knowledge court cases which may not derive from reliable sources, such as movies and television shows, which in turn may cause them to arrive at a disagreeable or incorrect verdict (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). Few meta-analyses have reviewed models of juror decision making, however, all have arrived at similar conclusions for improvements (Saks Marti, 1997; Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). Variables such as knowledge of legal terms, clarification of verdict options, jury personality types, defendant criminal history and the strength of the evidence presented all affect jury decision outcomes[G7] in studies; without systematically controlling for these factors in studies, it is difficult to firmly accept the level at which jurors are a reliable means of assessing an individuals guilt (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). It is, however, possible to understand improvements to be made to the current jury system from the meta-analyses on decision making models; Saks and Marti (1997) explained that jurors express difficulty in understanding and applying instructions given by the judge. This thought to be due to the specific language used in legal settings, which indiv iduals without training may find difficult to understand; it has been suggested that instructions given by judges should be mediated for language which may confuse jurors and be re-written to allow for clarification (Saks Marti 1997; Hans, 2008). [G8][G9] Juror competency is currently monitored within the United Kingdom, through a comparison of verdicts, analysis of verdict patterns, a series of interviews or questionnaires and also through the use of mock jury studies (Hans, 2008). As previously mentioned, there are concerns that jurors may find it difficult within a court setting to understand the specific legal terminology used by judges, however, there is also evidence that jurors may express difficulty in understanding statistical and economic evidence; this is of particular concern during complex cases with industry specific language, wherein the jury may not be able to discuss the specific factors regarding the case as they are unable to fully comprehend it (ForsterLee, Horowitz, Bourgeois, 1993). There have been studies which disagree with this critique, as findings have shown that Judges and Jurors generally match in their verdicts in cases involving complex language (Eisenberg, Hannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott, Schwab Wells, 200 5). Further studies exploring individual versus group competence wield reassuring results for those in favour of the judicial system; one study exploring theorems of group confidence found that regardless of the overall individual competence, jury members in a larger group are less likely to make mistakes due to being able to deliberate on ideas (Grofman, Owen Feld, 1983). Along with larger group sizes increasing juror competence, several studies have found that note taking and engagement is the ideal way in which juror competence is enhanced; jurors that weigh in, take notes and assume an active role in deliberating the final verdict have been shown to have a higher level of engagement with the case, which leads to a higher level of competence (Heuer Penrod, 1994; Forsterlee Horowitz, 1997). Until 1967, the British court required juries to reach a unanimous verdict; modern UK courts judges will now accept a majority vote, however, in some states in the USA the unanimity rule is still applied (Sunstein, 2014). It is believed that forcing juries to reach unanimous verdicts decreases the chance that an innocent individual is convicted, and the guilty being acquitted, yet research argues that these errors may actually increase if individuals are forced to reach unanimity (Feddersen Pesendorfer, 1998). This is believed to be due to jurors attempting to apply strategic behaviour to their decision making while disregarding their intuition (Feddersen Pesendorfer, 1998). [G10] Further criticisms of the unanimity rule consider that forcing unanimous verdicts increases the time and costs of court trials, and also increases the chance of a retrial taking place (Neilson Winter, 2005; McCormick, 2012). While this supports the use of juries for deciding a persons guilt, there is conflicting research which suggests that allowing for a majority verdict may cause uncertainty in the final outcome; several studies have found that those forced to make unanimous decisions found greater satisfaction and confidence in their decisions, as they felt as though they had discussed evidence more thoroughly and delayed their voting (Diamond, Rose Murphy, 2012; Sunstein, 2014). Furthermore, OConnor (2003) argued that not having unanimity decreases confidence and reliability within the group if one juror disagrees; it is therefore contended that forcing a unanimous decision increases the principle that there is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the individual is guilty. [G11] The role of inadmissible evidence is also a concern within court cases within the United Kingdom due to the increased exposure of online materials which may sway jurors verdicts; inadmissible evidence not only includes pre-trial exposure, but also statements and information revealed in court (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Certain safeguards are currently in place to ensure that inadmissible evidence does not affect jurors or their verdicts, such as continuance, a reliance on voir dire to remove biased jurors, deliberations, and admonitions (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). It is believed, however, that these precautions have little effect on juror prejudice and in some cases may backfire ([G12]Lieberman Sales, 1997; Lieberman Arndt, 2000; Steblay, Hosch, Culhane McWethy, 2006). This reluctance to ignore inadmissible evidence may be explained by several psychological theories such as Belief Perseverance, Hindsight Bias and Reactance Theory (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Reactance Theory is the more commonly accepted theory behind this effect as it explains why there is a reluctance with certain forms of evidence; it occurs when individuals feel that their freedom is limited and therefore attempt to re-establish this autonomy and gain control (Torrance Brehm, 1968; Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Empirical research has been found to highlight the negative consequences of inadmissible evidence on jurors; jurors have been found to issue more guilty verdicts when strong inadmissible evidence is given, and the strength of this evidence also has the ability to influence the overall confidence in their verdict (Sue, Smith, Caldwell, 1973). Furthermore, one study conducted by Thompson, Fong and Rosenhan (1981) found that when given pro-acquittal inadmissible evidence, jurors are less likely to convict the defendant; this study also revealed that jurors were able to recognise that their decisions have been influenced by inadmissible evidence. This may be detrimental to the belief that juries are the most appropriate method of deciding an individuals guilt as it demonstrates the reluctance to follow instructions from members of authority; it further establishes that although jurors recognise that they are being influenced by inadmissible evidence, they will do little in terms of reco nsidering their final verdicts. In light of this research, several psychologists have recommended ways to lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence. One meta-analysis covering 48 studies and 8,474 participants has found that while judicial instructions do not lessen the influence of inadmissible evidence, if a rationale is given for disregarding the evidence, such as it having a negative effect on family members of those implicated, the overall influence of it is reduced (Steblay, Hosch, Culhane McWethy, 2006). Further recommendations include jurors repeatedly sworn in before deliberation begins; this allows for an emphasis on the importance of disregarding inadmissible evidence and motivation to follow the law (Lieberman Sales, 1997; Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Research regarding juror decision making has been applied to many stages in legal processes, with courts obtaining information frequently from social scientists to assist in legal battles; psychologists are commonly requested in court as expert witnesses, in cases such as eyewitness testimonies, to educate the jurors and ensure they competent when deliberating on the trial (Kassin, Ellsworth Smith, 1989; Pennington Hastie, 1990). Although the role of [G13]an expert witness calls for those of sound scientific and technical understanding to assist the jury, there are critics who argue that those who testify as an expert may hold biases; claims that researchers appearing in particularly violent or morally ambiguous cases, such as those involving rape or child molestation, may still hold personal values when issuing a statement, therefore when these personal values appear they may sway the jury in a certain direction (Loftus Monahan, 1980). In this case it is not the jurys responsibil ity to counteract this measure, however, the defence, [G14]prosecution, [G15]and judge must ensure that counterclaims are issued should bias remarks enter the court (Loftus Monahan, 1980). Nevertheless, this remains a criticism of the practicality of using juries when deciding an individuals guilt. [G16][G17] With these criticisms of the modern jury in mind, some researchers have explored alternatives to juries which include specially qualified jurors and the concept of a non-jury tribunal (Norris, 1993). There are currently few specifications when an individual is called to jury service, with exceptions including a history of mental health conditions, reduced English speaking or writing aptitude or those who have served a prison sentence in the last five years; due to the limited criteria, researchers have expressed concern that those presiding over important decisions may not possess the acumen to understand the ramifications of sentencing, therefore, minimal educational qualifications should be imposed (Norris, 1993). Norris (1993) has explained that it would be desirable that those serving on a jury hold specialist qualifications especially in complex cases, for example, a bachelors degree. [G18]Norris (1993) continues by explaining that if minimal educational qualifications are not e nough to ensure the competence of jurors, then expert non-jury tribunals may be of use in complex, industry-specific cases.   [G19][G20][G21][G22] Although juror incompetence is a concern, both of these suggestions appeal for educated jurors to be called more frequently into jury service, especially for more convoluted cases; criticisms of these improvements include the criterion in which we define a complex case, that jurors may no longer be considered peers but superiors, and that some industries are already limited in their personnel, therefore, frequently calling them to jury service may negatively affect their area of work (Hersch, 2003). Henkel (1976) explains that alternatives and improvements should be made, however, until these concerns are resolved smaller changes should be made to ensure the competence of jurors. There are several alternatives to juries which are currently used within other countries, such as the use of religious law which utilises divine doctrines to pass judgement, or a mixed system of civil and religious law which recognises cultural and lawful judgements, and full tribunals without the use of juries (Frase, 1990). Due to the mix of cultures in the United Kingdom, the reintroduction of religious law would not be advisable to improve the current judicial system. France officially abolished trial by jury in 1941 and now uses six lay judges, and three professional judges to preside over cases; in this system there are separate tribunals for how serious the offence is and the type of offence involved (Frase, 1990). While we may look to this structure to improve our own judicial system, one concern would be that they would not represent those from the community on trial, as they are more likely to come from a primarily middle class and legal background (Frase, 1990). To conclude, the criticisms offered in the current essay explain that the current judicial system is not without flaw. The structure currently used within the United Kingdom could make several improvements to increase the degree to which jurors make an appropriate decision, such as specialists which assist jurors in understanding the language used within the court system, the encouragement of note taking and taking an active role in deliberation, further precautions taken to lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence, and safeguards in place to ensure that prejudices from expert witnesses do not influence jurors in their verdicts. It is advised that policy makers take these issues into account when discussing the current regulations in place. Before we are able to implement improvements and look to other systems for advice, we must appreciate that the current judicial structure has been in the United Kingdom, and influenced other countries systems such as the United States, for a num ber of years. Although the current essay establishes that juries may not be the more appropriate method for deciding a persons guilt, until realistic alternatives are established and tested, juries will remain to be the only viable option within the United Kingdom.[G23] References Berger, B. (2011). Judges, Juries, and the History of Criminal Appeals. Law And History Review, 29(01), 297-302. doi: 10.1017/s073824801000129x. Devine, D., Clayton, L., Dunford, B., Seying, R., Pryce, J. (2001). Jury decision making: 45 years of empirical research on deliberating groups. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 7(3), 622-727. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.7.3.622. Diamond, S., Murphy, B., Rose, M. (2012). The Kettleful of Law in Real Jury Deliberations: Successes and Failures. SSRN Electronic Journal, 106(4), 1537. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1641552. Eisenberg, T., Hannaford-Agor, P., Hans, V., Waters, N., Munsterman, G., Schwab, S., Wells, M. (2005). Judge-Jury Agreement in Criminal Cases: A Partial Replication of Kalven and Zeisels The American Jury. Journal Of Empirical Legal Studies, 2(1), 171-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-1461.2005.00035.x. Feddersen, T. Pesendorfer, W. (1998). Convicting the Innocent: The Inferiority of Unanimous Jury Verdicts under Strategic Voting. American Political Science Review, 92(01), 23-35. doi: 10.2307/2585926. Forsterlee, L. Horowitz, I. (1997). Enhancing Juror Competence in a Complex Trial. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(4), 305-319. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199708)11:43.0.co;2-j. ForsterLee, L., Horowitz, I., Bourgeois, M. (1993). Juror Competence In Civil Trials: Effects Of Pre-instruction And Evidence Technicality. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 14-21. doi: 10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.14. Frase, R. (1990). Comparative Criminal Justice as a Guide to American Law Reform: How Do the French Do It, How Can We Find out, and Why Should We Care? California Law Review, 78(3), 539. doi: 10.2307/3480841. Grofman, B., Owen, G., Feld, S. (1983). Thirteen Theorems In Search Of The Truth. Theory And Decision, 15(3), 261-278. Doi: 10.1007/bf00125672. Hans, V. (2008). Jury Systems Around the World. Annual Review Of Law And Social Science, 4(1), 275-297. doi: 10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172319. Henkel, J. (1976). The Civil Jury-Modification Or Abolition. American Business Law Journal, 14(1), 97-109. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1714.1976.tb00442.x. Hersch, J. (2003). Jury Demands and Trials. SSRN Electronic Journal, 447. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.487781. Heuer, L. Penrod, S. (1994). Juror Notetaking And Question Asking During Trials: A National Field Experiment. Law And Human Behavior, 18(2), 121-150. doi: 10.1007/bf01499012. Kassin, S., Ellsworth, P., Smith, V. (1989). The General Acceptance Of Psychological Research On Eyewitness Testimony: A Survey Of The Experts. American Psychologist, 44(8), 1089-1098. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.44.8.1089. Lieberman, J. Arndt, J. (2000). Understanding The Limits Of Limiting Instructions: Social Psychological Explanations For The Failures Of Instructions To Disregard Pretrial Publicity And Other Inadmissible Evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 6(3), 677-711. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.6.3.677. Lieberman, J. Sales, B. (1997). What Social Science Teaches Us About The Jury Instruction Process? Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 3(4), 589-644. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.3.4.589. Loftus, E. Monahan, J. (1980). Trial By Data: Psychological Research As Legal Evidence. American Psychologist, 35(3), 270-283. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.35.3.270. McCormick, R. (2012). The Unanimous State. The Journal Of The Rutgers University Libraries, 23(1). doi: 10.14713/jrul.v23i1.1384. Neilson, W. Winter, H. (2005). The Elimination of Hung Juries: Retrials and Nonunanimous Verdicts. International Review Of Law And Economics, 25(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.irle.2005.05.004. Norris, W. (1993). Relevant Conduct: Sentencing Hearings as a Substitute for Jury Trials. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 5(4), 193-194. doi: 10.2307/20639552. OConnor, S. (2003). William Howard Taft and the Importance of Unanimity. Journal Of Supreme Court History, 28(2), 157-164. doi: 10.1111/1540-5818.00061. Pennington, N. Hastie, R. (1981). Juror Decision-Making Models: The Generalization Gap. Psychological Bulletin, 89(2), 246-287. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.89.2.246. Pennington, N. Hastie, R. (1990). Practical Implications of Psychological Research on Juror and Jury Decision Making. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(1), 90-105. doi: 10.1177/0146167290161007. Pennington, N. Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: Tests of the Story Model for juror decision making. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 62(2), 189-206. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.189. Saks, M. Marti, M. (1997). A Meta-Analysis Of The Effects Of Jury Size. Law And Human Behavior, 21(5), 451-467. doi: 10.1023/a:1024819605652. Salerno, J. Diamond, S. (2010). The Promise Of A Cognitive Perspective On Jury Deliberation. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 17(2), 174-179. doi: 10.3758/pbr.17.2.174. Smith, G. Wales, C. (1999). The Theory and Practice of Citizens Juries. Policy Politics, 27(3), 295-308. doi: 10.1332/030557399782453118. Smith, G. Wales, C. (2000). Citizens Juries and Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies, 48(1), 51-65. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00250. Steblay, N., Hosch, H., Culhane, S., McWethy, A. (2006). The Impact on Juror Verdicts of Judicial Instruction to Disregard Inadmissible Evidence: A Meta-Analysis. Law And Human Behavior, 30(4), 469-492. doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9039-7. Sue, S., Smith, R., Caldwell, C. (1973). Effects of Inadmissible Evidence on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors: A Moral Dilemma. Journal Of Applied Social Psychology, 3(4), 345-353. doi: /10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02401.x. Sunstein, C. (2014). Unanimity and Disagreement on the Supreme Court. SSRN Electronic Journal, 100, 769. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2466057. Thompson, W., Fong, G., Rosenhan, D. (1981). Inadmissible Evidence And Juror Verdicts. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 40(3), 453-463. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.40.3.453. Torrance, E. Brehm, J. (1968). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. The American Journal Of Psychology, 81(1), 133. doi: 10.2307/1420824. 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The Second World War (II) :: Essays Papers

The Second World War (II) Wars are good business. They create an immediate demand for a wide variety of materials needed by the government in order to fight the war. They create work opportunities for people that might not ordinarily be considered part of the normal work force. And, while not necessarily good for the soldiers engaged in the fighting, wars are always good for the businesses that provide the materials used in a war. The Second World War was very good for business. The Second World War completed the process of "centralizing" the American economy. The Great Depression of 1929 and America's involvement in the war completed the change from small, locally run businesses to large, centralized control. Big business, big unions, and big government dominated the American economy by the end of the war. The federal government issued thousands of contracts to make war goods. The largest beneficiaries of the government's largesse were the existing large corporations. "The big got bigger," Norton tells us, and the government "guaranteed profits in the form of cost-plus-fixed fee contracts, generous tax write-offs, and exemption from antitrust prosecution." Large universities received research contracts. Farming came to be dominated by "large-scale mechanized companies and farm co-ops" rather than family farms. The war "accelerated" this trend because "wealthy institutions were better able†¦ to pay for expensive new machinery" (Norton 524 and 525). The huge government demand for increased production meant an increased demand for workers. Businesses wanted to hire any qualified worker willing to work. Unions wanted only union workers to work in jobs that had been union jobs. This disagreement eventually led to federal involvement in settling labor disputes. By 1943, labor was dominated by the centralized control of the unions, union membership climbing from 8.5 million in 1940 to over 14.7 million by 1943 (525). Along with its involvement in labor matters, the federal government also became involved in business activities. With the creation of the National War Labor Board in 1941 to settle labor disputes, and then the creation of the War Production Board in 1942 to convert the America economy to war production, the federal government had become a third partner in the centralizing of the American economy. With this increased participation came an increase in government policy and regulation. This led to an increased demand for federal workers to carry out these policies and by 1945 the size of the federal government had grown form 1.

Case Analysis: Tennant Company Essay

Lead-In/Key Issues Over Tennant Company’s (Tennant) 141 year history, they have consistently remained a producer of floor-cleaning equipment and technologies focusing their efforts in producing products for non-residential use. Since the new CEO Chris Killingstad has come to the company however, he has been dramatically changing Tennant’s value proposition with a broader emphasis encompassing â€Å"chemical-free cleaning and other technologies.† This case shows Tennant’s move beyond traditional green efforts to centralizing environmentally-friendly performance at the heart of the company’s focus, and whether this new focus provides enough benefit as a competitive advantage. The challenge now for Killingstad and Tennant is how to move forward into 2013 in terms of company focus and direction; mainly the extent to which they should diversify. Should Tennant move into residential markets with smaller units for consumers to use in-home? Should they continue to focus on the commercial side, investing instead in the market potential of their ec-H20 and irreversible electroporation technologies? Or should they enter emerging markets with low-cost alternatives to truly increase their global exposure and propagate their vision of chemical-free cleaning? Situation Analysis External Analysis In this section I will use case information and provide an analysis of the commercial cleaning industry. I am choosing to ignore the residential cleaning industry at this time as they have only begun thinking about the consumer market at the time the case was written. Also, given the push by the majority of cleaning companies to â€Å"go green† it is important to look at the entire cleaning industry rather than just the ecologically-friendly niche in order to assess the level of Tennant’s competitive advantage relative to the industry as a whole. As aforementioned, there has been a general trend towards green alternatives in the 21st century, across a large array of industries. More specifically in the commercial cleaning industry it was revealed that consumers desired more environmentally-friendly solutions, as long as there was no sacrifice to price and performance. This ties in with the industry opportunities in the Tennant SWOT analysis (appendix 2) as the innovativ e products from Tennant give them the advantage over chemical-only cleaning companies. Before I analyze Porter’s five forces with respect to Tennant, we must understand what life cycle stage the commercial cleaning industry is currently at. Since profits for Tennant have been rising, and the industry as a whole is said to have risen to 5 billion, I can conclude the industry is still in the growth stage. Now it is important to look at how the development of new technology has impacted Porter’s five forces, most specifically the bargaining power of buyers and the threat of substitute products. Since the introduction of their disruptive technologies they have greatly reduced the risk of these two forces specifically; as these types of products are not easily available elsewhere. It is through these technologies they have created a new, unique selling proposition that has become a competitive advantage for Tennant. Internal Analysis Moving away from the external environment in the cleaning industry, I will now shift attention to Tennant’s key strengths (and their underlying causes) as well as an analysis of financial information to assess their profitability and efficiency. The main source of Tennant’s relative strength in the industry comes from their innovative and patented technologies (see Appendix 2). Firm-specific strengths are resources that can become core competencies; in the case of Tennant they have already become a primary strategic advantage. Now as technological strengths are quite often a by-product of well-structured R&D within a firm, it is therefore crucial to look at in this case. Most of their initial innovative success can be attributed to the Advanced Product Development group, which although was only allocated 10% of the R&D budget they developed the most significant technologies between 2002 and 2006, namely their FaST and ReadySpace technologies. Following the success of th eir ec-H2O technology, they decided to further develop its platform outside of the corporate culture of Tennant and created the subsidiary â€Å"Orbio Technologies Group.† It was through this subsidiary that Tennant developed the split-stream technology and irreversible electroporation, both successful innovations. In all, it can be concluded that the creation of an â€Å"entrepreneurial† subsidiary was a successful management move, and combined with well coordinated R&D it allowed Tennant to develop their core competency. Now it is also important to note where their strengths and weaknesses lie with respect to their financial data and corresponding ratio analysis. Tennant’s main concerns lay in three specific ratios: operating cash flow ratio, their operating profit margin, and their solvency ratio (see Appendix 1). First their operating cash flow ratio is well below one indicating they have not generated enough cash flow during the year to pay off their short-term liabilities. Second their operating profit margin is only 6.10% and 5.76% for the past two years respectively, indicating they are not generating an ideal amount of EBIT per sales dollar earned. And third their solvency ratio is below the healthy threshold of 20% (10.67% and 9.67% for the past two years respectively) meaning they have less of an ability to fulfill debt obligations and have a heightened default risk. Now they are a little stronger in some areas; their current ratio is above a two which is ideal for most firms. Also they do have some operating leverage (although not much above a one means it is low). There is a significant gap between their gross margin and operating profit margin, indicating they are spending a large amount of their revenue on operating expenses. This is to be expected with a highly R&D intensive company like Tennant, as well as the need for high selling expenses required to differentiate from the rest of the cleaning companies. Strategic Alternatives Alternative #1 My first alternative is for Tennant Company to move into the residential, consumer market with smaller Orbio-E handheld units. In this proposed alternative they should stay away from licensing and keep production within the company. This alternative simply provides a variation of their core competency, innovative technologies, and therefore does not stray far from their already established strategic strengths. Alternative #2 The second alternative I would recommend would be the proposed base-of-the-pyramid (BOP) model in emerging markets. As suggested by the case would allow them to identify areas to improve in their legacy markets by creating low-cost products for low-income consumers in developing countries. Furthermore, this action could potentially catapult them to industry-leader status by taking their green initiative to the next level. This very likely would also cause an increase in their goodwill. Alternative #3 The final alternative I will provide with this analysis is for Tennant to continue current operations. They would focus their resources on developing their existing customer relationships with their tried and tested product line. This alternative is taking the less risky approach, by not pursuing chemical-free cleaning too quickly and waiting to assess where the industry is after a given period of time. This will help mitigate potentially detrimental effects on their existing customer base who do not feel ready to make the transition to chemical-free cleaning. Strategic Recommendation I would suggest Tennant Company move forward with my second proposed alternative, of the BOP business model venturing into emerging markets. It does carry with it more risk, and would require them to take an in-depth analytical look at the profitability of that option. However the potential benefits outweigh the perceived risk in this example for Tennant. Not only will they gain valuable insight into reducing costs associated with their production by developing a low-cost line, but this option is the most synergistic with their core vision. Chris Killingstad even states: â€Å"We owe it to the world to grow and expand as much as we can,† and this simply cannot be accomplished by avoiding emerging markets in developing countries. All-in-all, with their unique technology and highly green initiatives, Tennant Company is well-positioned for continued success in the cleaning industry.

Free Essays on KKK

By: allen E-mail: midnighthaze212@aol.com The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK as known today, was started in the spring of 1866. Six Confederate veterans formed a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee. This KKK only lasted a short six years, but left tactics and rituals that later started in generations. (Ingalls, 9) The Klan was a small group very much in secrecy at first. The exact date of the beginning is unknown. Despite all of the secrecy the six KKK members initiated new members to join their social club. (Ingalls, 9) A year after the creation of the KKK, the onetime social club joined the raising campaign against the Republican Reconstruction. The "new" direction of the Klan was well planned and organized. The Klan was now ready to expand to a bigger group. The Klan adopted a prescript. This was an organizational structure allowing the Klan to spread across the south. New members had to be over 18, pay $1, sworn to secrecy, recruits pledged to "protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless, from the indignities, wrongs, and ou trages of the lawless, the violent, and the brutal." The highly centralized plan for expanding the KKK spread so rapidly that most chapters operated alone. The founders of the KKK lost control, and it became impossible to talk about a single KKK. Yet Klan activities still followed a common pattern throughout the south. (Ingalls 11-12) The Klan now started to spread across Tennessee. At first the Klan used tricks to keep blacks "in their place". At first, the Klan would ride around on horses, and with their white robes, and white pointed masks, try to scare blacks. They would try to act like ghost with their white uniforms. Unfortunately, the Klan quickly moved to more violent pranks. (Ingalls, 12) The Klan would now suppress blacks. The Klan leaders proved unable to control their followers. Although the violence was often random, there was a method in the madness. The victims were almost always black or if whit... Free Essays on KKK Free Essays on KKK The KKK more than succeeded in their goals of white supremacy. The KKK vicious attacks on blacks, as well as some whites, sent shockwaves that were felt all the way to the steps of the White House. Simple, irrational hated is a strong dislike towards an object, person, place, etc. The KKK wanted total white dominance over the blacks. To them maintaining control, over what they felt was an inferior race, was vital to the success of the nation. Allowing any kind privileges to the black community meant the end of their society. In other words, they felt that they were blessed with the power and authority to keep the â€Å"white† race in total dominance over any inferior race by any means necessary. Loyalty was their first goal. The KKK had an oath that every member had to take. It was a vow that you would pledge your loyalty to, what they called, the Republic. Your whole purpose was the survival of the Republic. So not only were they separating them selves from other whites, but they were basically starting the Confederate all over again. They treated this oath as if it was a religion, as if God had chose them to carry out this mission. In the passage from Document 1 it says â€Å"†¦and to do everything in our power in order to maintain, in this Republic, the supremacy of the Caucasian race, and restrain the black or African race to that condition of social and political inferiority for which God has destined it.† They felt that they had absolute power over the blacks because God had bestowed them the power and authority to do so. Control was their next goal. Maintaining control over anything isn’t easy. You have to stay on top of things if you plan on being in control. The KKK understood this and took advantage. Since the South was pretty much allowed to run them selves, this was a very easy task. With racism already embedded in the South, it was only a matter of time before the KKK put there plan into motion. Educat... Free Essays on KKK KKK of the 1920's Was the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920’s an Extremist Movement? Yes: David H. Bennett I- The 1920’s Klan II- Women in the Klan III- David C. Stephenson Between June of 1920 through October of 1921, it is estimated at much as 85,000 men joined the Ku Klux Klan. Although the Klan was the strongest in the midwest and the midsouth, it was a nation wide epidemic. Klan members fed off of Xenophobic, a fear of foreigners. Klan members believed that every Catholic in public life, no matter what position they held in society, must be watched carefully. â€Å"The modern Klan added an anti-Semitic element.† Klan theoreticians believed that the Jews were not only unproductive, there were also un-American. â€Å"Jew Movies Urge Sex and Vice,† the Klan title screamed like an echo from Ford’s Dearborn Independent. The position of woman in the humanities of the Klan was expressly conventional. The Klan believed in protection of women because they thought women could help in the â€Å"shaping of America†. Even tho! ugh they believed so strongly in woman protection, this came at a costly price: violence. Although the victims of the â€Å"masked nightriders† were often men, the enemies of â€Å"pure womanhood† were both men and women. The women were refereed to as â€Å"fallen women†. Outsiders were a threat to traditional American values David C. Stephenson was a very highly regarded men for his grouping competence, gossip of multitudinous sexual thoughtlessness and inebriating parties quickly led to controversy in association the government and domestic Klan dominator. Madge Oberholtzer affirmed that Stephenson forced her to drink with him, ultimately demanding her at gunpoint to a train. In the confidential department he attacked her and sexually raped her. After this incident, she took a catastrophic overdose of drugs, dying a few weeks later. She had time to recite the complete incident to the prosecuting attorney, one of the infrequ... Free Essays on Kkk By: allen E-mail: midnighthaze212@aol.com The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK as known today, was started in the spring of 1866. Six Confederate veterans formed a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee. This KKK only lasted a short six years, but left tactics and rituals that later started in generations. (Ingalls, 9) The Klan was a small group very much in secrecy at first. The exact date of the beginning is unknown. Despite all of the secrecy the six KKK members initiated new members to join their social club. (Ingalls, 9) A year after the creation of the KKK, the onetime social club joined the raising campaign against the Republican Reconstruction. The "new" direction of the Klan was well planned and organized. The Klan was now ready to expand to a bigger group. The Klan adopted a prescript. This was an organizational structure allowing the Klan to spread across the south. New members had to be over 18, pay $1, sworn to secrecy, recruits pledged to "protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless, from the indignities, wrongs, and ou trages of the lawless, the violent, and the brutal." The highly centralized plan for expanding the KKK spread so rapidly that most chapters operated alone. The founders of the KKK lost control, and it became impossible to talk about a single KKK. Yet Klan activities still followed a common pattern throughout the south. (Ingalls 11-12) The Klan now started to spread across Tennessee. At first the Klan used tricks to keep blacks "in their place". At first, the Klan would ride around on horses, and with their white robes, and white pointed masks, try to scare blacks. They would try to act like ghost with their white uniforms. Unfortunately, the Klan quickly moved to more violent pranks. (Ingalls, 12) The Klan would now suppress blacks. The Klan leaders proved unable to control their followers. Although the violence was often random, there was a method in the madness. The victims were almost always black or if whit...